Friday 30 September 2016

The Rosetta Spacecraft Ends Its Mission

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The Rosetta spacecraft was the first to orbit a comet. It ended its mission on Friday in a crash landing.
via New York Times

Lynds Dark Nebula 1251

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Stars are forming in Lynds Dark Nebula (LDN) 1251. About 1,000 light-years away, the dusty molecular cloud is part of a complex of dark nebulae mapped toward the Cepheus flare region, drifting above the plane of our Milky Way galaxy. Across the spectrum, astronomical explorations of the obscuring interstellar clouds reveal energetic shocks and outflows associated with newborn stars, including the telltale reddish glow from scattered Herbig-Haro objects seen in this sharp image. Distant background galaxies also lurk on the scene, visually buried behind the dusty expanse. The deep telescopic field of view spans about two full moons on the sky, or 17 light-years at the estimated distance of LDN 1251.
Tomorrow's picture: light-weekend
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Authors & editors: Robert Nemiroff (MTU) & Jerry Bonnell (UMCP)
NASA Official: Phillip Newman Specific rights apply.
NASA Web Privacy Policy and Important Notices
A service of: ASD at NASA / GSFC
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Rosetta’s descent

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Closer and closer: image highlights captured during Rosetta’s descent to the comet’s surface
via ESA Space Science
http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Rosetta/Highlights/Rosetta_s_descent

Once upon a time...

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On the last day of her mission, Rosetta slowly descends onto the comet, but there is one last surprise in store
via ESA Space Science
http://www.esa.int/spaceinvideos/Videos/2016/09/Once_upon_a_time_mission_complete

Rosetta’s final hour

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Watch how the final stages of Rosetta’s descent to the surface of the comet played out at ESA’s mission control
via ESA Space Science
http://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Videos/2016/09/Rosetta_s_final_hour

Mission complete: Rosetta’s journey ends in daring descent to comet

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ESA’s historic Rosetta mission has concluded as planned, with the controlled impact onto the comet it had been investigating for more than two years. 


via ESA Space Science
http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Rosetta/Mission_complete_Rosetta_s_journey_ends_in_daring_descent_to_comet

NASA's Fermi finds record-breaking binary in galaxy next door

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Scientists have found the first gamma-ray binary in another galaxy and the most luminous one ever seen. The dual-star system, dubbed LMC P3, contains a massive star and a crushed stellar core that interact to produce a cyclic flood of gamma rays, the highest-energy form of light.
via Science Daily
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Rosetta instrument provided first-ever ultraviolet observations of a comet

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After a two-year orbital tour around comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, ESA's Rosetta spacecraft -- carrying the Alice ultraviolet spectrograph -- will end its mission on Sept. 30. Rosetta is the first spacecraft to orbit and escort a comet, and Alice, developed and operated for NASA, is the first instrument to obtain far-ultraviolet observations at a comet.
via Science Daily
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Spiral arms in protoplanetary disk: They're not just for galaxies any more

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Astronomers have found distinct spiral arms in the disk of gas and dust surrounding the young star Elias 2-27. While similar features have been observed on the surfaces of such disks before, this is the first time they have been identified within the disk, where planet formation takes place. Structures such as these could either indicate the presence of a newly formed planet, or else create the necessary conditions for a planet to form. As such, the results are a crucial step towards a better understanding how planetary systems like our Solar system came into being.
via Science Daily
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Curiosity finds evidence of Mars crust contributing to atmosphere

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NASA's Curiosity rover has found evidence that chemistry in the surface material on Mars contributed dynamically to the makeup of its atmosphere over time. It's another clue that the history of the Red Planet's atmosphere is more complex and interesting than a simple legacy of loss.
via Science Daily
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ALMA catches stellar cocoon with curious chemistry: First of its kind to be found outside the Milky Way

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A hot and dense mass of complex molecules, cocooning a newborn star, has been discovered astronomers using ALMA. This unique hot molecular core is the first of its kind to have been detected outside the Milky Way galaxy. It has a very different molecular composition from similar objects in our own galaxy -- a tantalizing hint that the chemistry taking place across the Universe could be much more diverse than expected.
via Science Daily
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Rosetta may be crashing, but its legacy lives on here on Earth

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ESA's Rosetta spacecraft arrived at Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko on 6 August 2014, following a ten-year journey through the Solar System after its launch on 2 March 2004. The Philae lander was sent down to the surface of the comet on 12 November 2014. Confirmation of the end of mission is expected from ESA's main control room at 11:20 GMT or 13:20 CEST +/- 20 minutes on 30 September, with the spacecraft set on a collision course with the comet the evening before.
via Science Daily
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'Incomprehensible' birth of supercrystal explained

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Two years ago, a research team published an article explaining how they had created a material with unique and extremely interesting electronic characteristics. In this 'supercrystal', the electrons move almost with the speed of photons, and the electric current can be switched on and off. This makes it ideal for ultra-fast electronics. But at the time, the researchers were at a loss to explain how this 'supercrystal' obtained its unique structure. Now they have unraveled the mystery, and it appears to involve a completely different mechanism for crystal formation.
via Science Daily

Thursday 29 September 2016

Five Hundred Meter Aperture Spherical Telescope

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The Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical Telescope (FAST) is nestled within a natural basin in China's remote and mountainous southwestern Guizhou province. Nicknamed Tianyan, or the Eye of Heaven, the new radio telescope is seen in this photograph taken near the start of its testing phase of operations on September 25. Designed with an active surface for pointing and focusing, its enormous dish antenna is constructed with 4,450 individual triangular-shaped panels. The 500 meter physical diameter of the dish makes FAST the largest filled, single dish radio telescope on planet Earth. FAST will explore the Universe at radio frequencies, detecting emission from hydrogen gas in the Milky Way and distant galaxies, finding faint galactic and extragalactic pulsars, and searching for potential radio signals from extraterrestrials.
Tomorrow's picture: darker nebulae
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Authors & editors: Robert Nemiroff (MTU) & Jerry Bonnell (UMCP)
NASA Official: Phillip Newman Specific rights apply.
NASA Web Privacy Policy and Important Notices
A service of: ASD at NASA / GSFC
& Michigan Tech. U.

Wednesday 28 September 2016

Traveling through the body with graphene

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Researchers have succeeded to place a layer of graphene on top of a stable fatty lipid monolayer, for the first time. Surrounded by a protective shell of lipids graphene could enter the body and function as a versatile sensor. The results are the first step towards such a shell, say authors of a new report.
via Science Daily

Mass producing graphene using microwaves

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A simple new method for producing large quantities of the promising nanomaterial graphene has been discovered by an international team of researchers.
via Science Daily

Quantum metal model system

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The profound effects of electron interactions on the flow of electric currents in metals have been revealed by new research. Controlling currents of strongly interacting electrons is critical to the development of tomorrow's advanced microelectronics systems, including spintronics devices that will process data faster, use less power than today's technology, and operate in conditions where quantum effects predominate.
via Science Daily

Rosetta on the Way to Crash Into a Comet

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As the European Space Agency prepares to bring its most ambitious mission to an end, data gathered by the spacecraft will help scientists understand how Earth and other planets formed.
via New York Times

A perfect sun-storm

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A geomagnetic storm on January 17, 2013, provided unique observations that finally resolved a long-standing scientific problem. For decades, scientists had asked how particles hitting Earth's magnetosphere were lost. A likely mechanism involved certain electromagnetic waves scattering particles into the Earth's atmosphere. More recently, another mechanism was proposed that caused particles to be lost in interplanetary space. Scientists recently found that both mechanisms play a role affecting particles at different speeds.
via Science Daily
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Australian technology installed on world’s largest single-dish radio telescope

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The world’s largest filled single-dish radio telescope has launched, and it relies on a piece of West Australian innovation. The telescope -- known as FAST -- uses a data system developed at the International Centre for Radio Astronomy in Perth and the European Southern Observatory to manage the huge amounts of data it generates.
via Science Daily
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Looking for charming asymmetries

A view of the LHCb experimental cavern. (Image: Maximilien Brice/CERN)

One of the biggest challenges in physics is to understand why everything we see in our universe seems to be formed only of matter, whereas the Big Bang should have created equal amounts of matter and antimatter.

CERN’s LHCb experiment is one of the best hopes for physicists looking to solve this longstanding mystery.

At the VIII International Workshop on Charm Physics, which took place in Bologna earlier this month, the LHCb Collaboration presented the most precise measurement to date of a phenomenon called Charge-Parity (CP) violation among particles that contain a charm quark.

CP symmetry states that laws of physics are the same if a particle is interchanged with its anti-particle (the “C” part) and if its spatial coordinates are inverted (P). The violation of this symmetry in the first few moments of the universe is one of the fundamental ingredients to explain the apparent cosmic imbalance in favour of matter.

Until now, the amount of CP violation detected among elementary particles can only explain a tiny fraction of the observed matter-antimatter asymmetry. Physicists are therefore extending their search in the quest to identify the source of the missing anti-matter.

The LHCb collaboration made a precise comparison between the decay lifetime of a particle called a D0 meson (formed by a charm quark and an up antiquark) and its anti-matter counterpart D0 (formed by an charm antiquark and up quark), when decaying either to a pair of pions or a pair of kaons. Any difference in these lifetimes would provide strong evidence that an additional source of CP violation is at work. Although CP violation has been observed in processes involving numerous particles that contain b and s quarks, the effect is still unobserved in the charm-quark sector and its magnitude is predicted to be very small in the Standard Model.

Thanks to the excellent performance of CERN’s Large Hadron Collider, for the first time the LHCb collaboration is accumulating a dataset large enough to access the required level of precision on CP-violating effects in charm-meson decays. The latest results indicate that the lifetimes of the D0 and D0  particles, measured using their decays to pions or kaons, are still consistent, thereby demonstrating that any CP violation effect that is present must indeed be at a tiny level.

However, with many more analyses and data to come, LHCb is looking forward to delving even deeper into the possibility of CP violation in the charm sector and thus closing in on the universe’s missing antimatter. “The unique capabilities of our experiment, and the huge production rate of charm mesons at the LHC, allow us to perform measurements that are far beyond the sensitivity of any previous facility,” says Guy Wilkinson, spokesperson for the LHCb collaboration. “However, nature demands that we dig even deeper in order to uncover an effect. With the data still to come, we are confident of responding to this challenge,” he adds.

More information is available on the LHCb website


via CERN: Updates for the general public
http://home.cern/about/updates/2016/09/looking-charming-asymmetries

NGC 3576: The Statue of Liberty Nebula

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First quantum photonic circuit with an electrically driven light source

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Whether for use in safe data encryption, ultrafast calculation of huge data volumes or so-called quantum simulation of highly complex systems: Optical quantum computers are a source of hope for tomorrow's computer technology. For the first time, scientists now have succeeded in placing a complete quantum optical structure on a chip. This fulfills one condition for the use of photonic circuits in optical quantum computers.
via Science Daily

What Mars Mission Might Look Like

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SpaceX, Elon Musk’s rocket company, released a video simulation of a journey to Mars. His plan is for spacecraft that would take 100 passengers to the planet.
via New York Times

Tuesday 27 September 2016

Elon Musk’s Plan: Get Humans to Mars, and Beyond

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Mr. Musk, the billionaire founder of SpaceX, hopes to make humanity a “multi-planetary species.”
via New York Times

Jupiter's Europa from Spacecraft Galileo

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How to follow Rosetta’s grand finale

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Rosetta is set to complete its historic mission in a controlled descent to the surface of its comet on 30 September, with the end of mission confirmation predicted to be within 20 minutes of 11:20 GMT (13:20 CEST).


via ESA Space Science
http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Rosetta/How_to_follow_Rosetta_s_grand_finale

Hubble spots possible water plumes erupting on Jupiter's moon Europa

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Astronomers have imaged what may be water vapor plumes erupting off the surface of Jupiter's moon Europa. This finding bolsters other Hubble observations suggesting the icy moon erupts with high altitude water vapor plumes.
via Science Daily
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Scientists' finding supports moon creation hypothesis

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A layer of iron and other elements deep underground is the evidence scientists have long been seeking to support the hypothesis that the moon was formed by a planetary object hitting the infant Earth some 4.5 billion years ago, a new study argues.
via Science Daily
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New low-mass objects could help refine planetary evolution

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When a star is young, it is often still surrounded by a primordial rotating disk of gas and dust, from which planets can form. Astronomers like to find such disks because they might be able to catch the star partway through the planet formation process, but it's highly unusual to find such disks around brown dwarfs or stars with very low masses. New work has discovered four new low-mass objects surrounded by disks.
via Science Daily
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X-rays that don't come from any known source

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Space is filled with types of light we can't see -- from infrared signals released by hot stars and galaxies, to the cosmic microwave background. Some of this invisible light that fills space takes the form of X-rays, the source of which has been hotly contended over the past few decades. A new study confirms some ideas about where these X-rays come from, shedding light on our solar neighborhood's early history. But it also reveals a new mystery -- an entire group of X-rays that don't come from any known source.
via Science Daily
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How to merge two black holes in a simple way

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The merger of two black holes, such as the one that produced the gravitational waves discovered by the LIGO Observatory, is considered an extremely complex process that can only be simulated by the world's most powerful supercomputers. However, two theoretical physicists have demonstrated that what occurs on the space-time boundary of the two merging objects can be explained using simple equations, at least when a giant black hole collides with a tiny black hole.
via Science Daily
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Monday 26 September 2016

Geysers May Erupt on Europa, Jupiter’s Moon

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There is new evidence that plumes of water erupt through the icy surface of Jupiter’s moon Europa.
via New York Times

Rosetta on the Way to Crash Into a Comet

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As the European Space Agency prepares to bring its most ambitious mission to an end, data gathered by the spacecraft will help scientists understand how Earth and other planets formed.
via New York Times

Single photon light emitting diodes for on-chip integration

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Researchers have used layered materials to create an all-electrical quantum light emitting diodes (LED) with single-photon emission. These LEDs have potential as on-chip photon sources in quantum information applications.
via Science Daily

NASA's Hubble Spots Possible Water Plumes Erupting on Jupiter's Moon Europa


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New findings from NASA's Hubble Space Telescope show suspected water plumes erupting from Jupiter's icy moon Europa. These observations bolster earlier Hubble work suggesting that Europa is venting water vapor. A team of astronomers, led by William Sparks of the Space Telescope Science Institute in Baltimore, Maryland, observed these finger-like projections while viewing Europa's limb as the moon passed in front of Jupiter. The team was inspired to use this observing method by studies of atmospheres of planets orbiting other stars.


via HubbleSite NewsCenter -- Latest News Releases
http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2016/33/

For Rosetta, a Landing and an Ending on a Comet

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The spacecraft is to end its two-year examination of Comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko on Friday. Here is what the European Space Agency mission found out.
via New York Times

Gaia: Here Comes the Sun

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To the Moon, North Korea? Or Does a Rocket Have a Darker Aim?

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The North explains a rocket engine test as a moonshot, but intelligence agencies are exploring another option: the beginnings of a missile that could reach the American mainland.
via New York Times

Sunday 25 September 2016

Saturday 24 September 2016

Jack Garman, Whose Judgment Call Saved Moon Landing, Dies at 72

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Mr. Garman was at a back-room console on July 20, 1969, when Neil Armstrong told mission control of a possible computer systems overload. “As long as it doesn’t reoccur, it’s fine,” Mr. Garman said.
via New York Times

Heart and Soul and Double Cluster

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This rich starfield spans almost 10 degrees across the sky toward the northern constellations Cassiopeia and Perseus. On the left, heart-shaped cosmic cloud IC 1805 and IC 1848 are popularly known as the Heart and Soul nebulae. Easy to spot on the right are star clusters NGC 869 and NGC 884 also known as h and Chi Perseii, or just the Double Cluster. Heart and Soul, with their own embedded clusters of young stars a million or so years old, are each over 200 light-years across and 6 to 7 thousand light-years away. In fact, they are part of a large, active star forming complex sprawling along the Perseus spiral arm of our Milky Way Galaxy. The Double Cluster is located at about the same distance as the Heart and Soul nebulae. Separated by only a few hundred light-years, h and Chi Perseii are physically close together, and both clusters are estimated to be about 13 million years old. Their proximity and similar stellar ages suggest both clusters are likely a product of the same star-forming region.
Tomorrow's picture: Saturn from Above
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Authors & editors: Robert Nemiroff (MTU) & Jerry Bonnell (UMCP)
NASA Official: Phillip Newman Specific rights apply.
NASA Web Privacy Policy and Important Notices
A service of: ASD at NASA / GSFC
& Michigan Tech. U.

Friday 23 September 2016

Colorful demise of a sun-like star

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Our sun will eventually burn out and shroud itself with stellar debris, but not for another 5 billion years.
via Science Daily
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Scientists find twisting 3-D raceway for electrons in nanoscale crystal slices

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An exotic 3-D racetrack for electrons in ultrathin slices of a crystal has been observed for the first time, by a group of researchers. The ultimate goal of this research is to approach the lossless conduction of another class of materials, known as superconductors, but without the need for the extreme, freezing temperatures that superconductors require.
via Science Daily

How to power up graphene implants without frying cells

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In the future, our health may be monitored and maintained by tiny sensors and drug dispensers, deployed within the body and made from graphene -- one of the strongest, lightest materials in the world. Graphene is composed of a single sheet of carbon atoms, linked together like razor-thin chicken wire, and its properties may be tuned in countless ways, making it a versatile material for tiny, next-generation implants.
via Science Daily

Harvest Moon Eclipse

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A Harvest Moon rises over Sesimbra Castle south of Lisbon in this impressive series of telephoto exposures. Captured at its full phase, the golden Moon was also gliding through the Earth's more diffuse outer shadow during September's penumbral lunar eclipse. The eclipse shading is subtle compared to a total lunar eclipse. Still, the penumbral shadow does darken the Moon's upper limb, the pale shadow receding as the Moon climbs into Portugal's evening sky. In this eclipse timelapse the effect of sunlight and earthshadow on the Moon looks remarkably like the coloring of light and shadow along the illuminated castle walls.
Tomorrow's picture: light-weekend
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Authors & editors: Robert Nemiroff (MTU) & Jerry Bonnell (UMCP)
NASA Official: Phillip Newman Specific rights apply.
NASA Web Privacy Policy and Important Notices
A service of: ASD at NASA / GSFC
& Michigan Tech. U.

Summer fireworks on Rosetta’s comet

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Brief but powerful outbursts seen from Comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko during its most active period last year have been traced back to their origins on the surface.


via ESA Space Science
http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Rosetta/Summer_fireworks_on_Rosetta_s_comet

Thursday 22 September 2016

ALMA Explores the Hubble Ultra Deep Field: Deepest ever millimeter observations of early Universe

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International teams of astronomers have used the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) to explore the distant corner of the Universe first revealed in the iconic images of the Hubble Ultra Deep Field (HUDF). These new ALMA observations are significantly deeper and sharper than previous surveys at millimetre wavelengths. They clearly show how the rate of star formation in young galaxies is closely related to their total mass in stars. They also trace the previously unknown abundance of star-forming gas at different points in time, providing new insights into the “Golden Age” of galaxy formation approximately 10 billion years ago.
via Science Daily
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Hubble finds planet orbiting pair of stars

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Astronomers using NASA's Hubble Space Telescope, and a trick of nature, have confirmed the existence of a planet orbiting two stars in the system OGLE-2007-BLG-349, located 8,000 light-years away towards the center of our galaxy. The Hubble observations represent the first time such a three-body system has been confirmed using the gravitational microlensing technique.
via Science Daily
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Cosmology safe as universe has no sense of direction

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The universe is expanding uniformly. Space isn't stretching in a preferred direction or spinning.
via Science Daily
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Hubble Finds Planet Orbiting Pair of Stars


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Two is company, but three might not always be a crowd, at least in space. When astronomers found an extrasolar planet orbiting a neighboring star, a detailed analysis of the data uncovered a third body. But astronomers couldn't definitively identify whether the object was another planet or another star in the system.


via HubbleSite NewsCenter -- Latest News Releases
http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2016/32/

Twin jets pinpoint the heart of an active galaxy

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Two particle jets shoot out from the heart of active galaxy NGC 1052 at the speed of light, apparently originating in the vicinity of a massive black hole. Researchers have now measured the magnetic fields in this area. They observed the bright, very compact structure of just two light days in size using a global ensemble of millimeter-wavelength telescopes. The magnetic field value recorded at the event horizon of the black hole was between 0.02 and 8.3 tesla. The team concludes that the magnetic fields provide enough magnetic energy to power the twin jets.
via Science Daily
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NASA scientists find 'impossible' cloud on Titan -- again

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The puzzling appearance of an ice cloud seemingly out of thin air has prompted NASA scientists to suggest that a different process than previously thought -- possibly similar to one seen over Earth's poles -- could be forming clouds on Saturn's moon Titan.
via Science Daily
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In exploring the ‘now,’ new theory links flow of time with Big Bang

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A simple question from his wife -- Does physics really allow people to travel back in time? -- propelled a physicist on a quest to resolve a fundamental problem that had puzzled him throughout his 45-year career: Why does the arrow of time flow inexorably toward the future, constantly creating new "nows"?
via Science Daily
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Feeding a Mars mission: The challenges of growing plants in space

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Plants will play a critical role in the survival of human beings on long-duration space missions, such as a mission to Mars.  However, as a new paper shows, many challenges need to be addressed if astronauts are to successfully grow enough food on board spacecraft and on other planets.
via Science Daily
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In rotating galaxies, distribution of normal matter precisely determines gravitational acceleration

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Researchers have found a significant new relationship in spiral and irregular galaxies: the acceleration observed in rotation curves tightly correlates with the gravitational acceleration expected from the visible mass only. The discovery may alter the understanding of dark matter and the internal dynamics of galaxies.
via Science Daily
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Galactic fireworks illuminate monster hydrogen blob in space

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An international team of researchers using ALMA and other telescopes has discovered the power source illuminating a so-called Lyman-alpha Blob -- a rare, brightly glowing, and enormous concentration of gas in the distant universe.
via Science Daily
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Sunset at Edmontonhenge

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On September 18, the setting Sun illuminated both sides of the steep brick and steel canyon otherwise known as Jasper Avenue in downtown Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, planet Earth. The Stonehenge-like alignment is captured from the middle of the road in this daring snapshot. In Edmonton streets are laid out on a grid almost oriented along the cardinal directions, so aligned Edmonton sunsets (and sunrises) occur along the nearly east-west streets twice a year, close to the Equinox. In fact, at today's Equinox, the Sun crosses the celestial equator at 1421 UT and on this day the Sun will rise due east and set due west, bringing approximately equal hours of day and night to denizens of planet Earth. The September Equinox marks the astronomical beginning of Fall in the north and spring in the southern hemisphere.
Tomorrow's picture: many moons
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Authors & editors: Robert Nemiroff (MTU) & Jerry Bonnell (UMCP)
NASA Official: Phillip Newman Specific rights apply.
NASA Web Privacy Policy and Important Notices
A service of: ASD at NASA / GSFC
& Michigan Tech. U.

Great expectations from fewer collisions

Wednesday 21 September 2016

Out There: Whatever We Dig Up, We’ll End Up Buried

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In our search for discovery and meaning, we always look up and out, while we hardly know anything about what is going on, or what went on, under our own feet.
via New York Times

Zooming in on Star Cluster Terzan 5

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Graphene nanoribbons show promise for healing spinal injuries

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The combination of graphene nanoribbons made with a newly developed process and a common polymer could someday be of critical importance to healing damaged spinal cords in people, according to scientists.
via Science Daily