In the early morning of Wednesday 3 June, the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN is set to start delivering physics data to its experiments for the first time in 27 months.
After nearly two years of maintenance and repair, as well as several months of re-commissioning, the experiments at the world's largest particle accelerator are now ready to take data at the unprecedented energy of 13 teraelectronvolts (TeV) – almost double the collision energy of the LHC's first, three-year run. Data taking will mark the start of season 2 at the LHC, opening the way to new frontiers in physics.
For all the day's action, follow our Live Blog "LHC Season 2: New frontiers in physics" where we'll be posting all the latest from the CERN Control Centre, starting at 7am CEST.
The blog will guide you through key moments in the day, from injecting the counter-rotating beams of protons into the LHC and ramping their energy to 6.5 TeV each, to eventual particle collisions and the start of data taking at 13 TeV. A live webcast will also be available through the live blog.
For more about the big questions that the LHC experiments are tackling, check out “New frontiers in physics” and follow the scientists at the forefront of particle physics.
For more about the LHC and its second run, check out "LHC Season 2: Facts & figures" and "LHC Season 2: A stronger machine"
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The CERN Data Centre
This week, the experiments at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) will start taking data at the new energy frontier of 13 teraelectonvolts (TeV) - nearly double the energy of collisions in the LHC's first three-year run. These collisions, which will occur up to 1 billion times every second, will send showers of particles through the detectors.
With every second of run-time, gigabytes of data will come pouring into the CERN Data Centre to be stored, sorted and shared with physicists worldwide. To cope with this massive influx of Run 2 data, the CERN computing teams focused on three areas: speed, capacity and reliability.
"During Run 1, we were storing 1 gigabyte-per-second, with the occasional peak of 6 gigabytes-per-second," says Alberto Pace, who leads the Data and Storage Services group within the IT Department. "For Run 2, what was once our "peak" will now be considered average, and we believe we could even go up to 10 gigabytes-per-second if needed."
At CERN, most of the data is archived on magnetic tape using the CERN Advanced Storage system (CASTOR) and the rest is stored on the EOS disk pool system – a system optimized for fast analysis access by many concurrent users. Magnetic tapes may be seen as an old-fashioned technology. They are actually a robust storage material, able to store huge volumes of data and thus ideal for long-term preservation. The computing teams have improved the software of the tape storage system CASTOR, allowing CERN's tape drives and libraries to be used more efficiently, with no lag times or delays. This allows the Data Centre to increase the rate of data that can be moved to tape and read back.
Reducing the risk of data loss - and the massive storage burden associated with this - was another challenge to address for Run 2. The computing teams introduced a data 'chunking' option in the EOS storage disk system. This splits the data into segments and enables recently acquired data to be kept on disk for quick access. "This allowed our online total data capacity to be increased significantly," Pace continues. "We have 140 petabytes of raw disk space available for Run 2 data, divided between the CERN Data Centre and the Wigner Data Centre in Budapest, Hungary. This translates to about 60 petabytes of storage, including back-up files."
140 petabytes (which is equal to 140 million gigabytes) is a very large number indeed - equivalent to over a millenium of full HD-quality movies.
Now, in addition to the regular "replication" approach - whereby a duplicated copy is kept for all data - experiments will now have an option to scatter the data across multiple disks. This "chunking" approach breaks the data into pieces. Use of reconstruction algorithms means that content will not be lost even if multiple disks fail. This not only decreases the probability of data loss, but also cuts in half the space needed for back-up storage. Finally, the EOS system has also been further improved to achieve the goal of more than 99.5% availability for the duration of Run 2.
From quicker storage speeds to new storage solutions, CERN is well-prepared for all of the fantastic challenges of Run 2.
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